Ka wehewehe ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo biology molecular kumu
1. cDNA a me cccDNA: ʻO cDNA he DNA kaulalua i hoʻohui ʻia e ka transcriptase hoʻohuli mai ka mRNA;ʻO ka cccDNA he DNA pōʻaiapuni paʻa ʻelua plasmid me ka ʻole o ka chromosome.
2. ʻĀpana peʻe maʻamau: hiki i ka pūnaehana hoʻonohonoho lua kiʻekiʻe ʻo α-helix a me β-pepa ke hana i nā poloka kūkulu me nā hoʻonohonoho geometric kūikawā ma o nā polypeptides hoʻohui.Kapa ʻia kēia ʻano pelupili i hoʻoholo ʻia i ka hale kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.Aneane hiki ke wehewehe ʻia nā hale kiʻekiʻe a pau e kēia mau ʻano pelu, a me kā lākou mau ʻano hui pū ʻia, no laila ua kapa ʻia lākou he mau ʻāpana hoʻopili maʻamau.
3. CAP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) receptor protein CRP (cAMP receptor protein), ka paʻakikī i hana ʻia ma hope o ka hui ʻana o ka cAMP a me CRP ua kapa ʻia ʻo activating protein CAP (cAMP activated protein)
4. Kaʻina Palindromic: ʻO ke kaʻina hoʻohui hope o kahi ʻāpana o kahi ʻāpana DNA, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi pae enzyme kaohi.
5. micRNA: Hoʻopili i ka RNA interfering a i ʻole RNA antisense, kahi mea hoʻohui i ke kaʻina mRNA a hiki ke kāohi i ka unuhi ʻana o ka mRNA.
6. Ribozyme: RNA me ka hana catalytic, e pāʻani ana i kahi hana autocatalytic i ka hana splicing o RNA.
7. Motif: Aia kekahi mau ʻāpana kūloko me ke ʻano like ʻekolu-dimensional a me ka topology i loko o ka hoʻolālā spatial o nā molekole protein.
8. Peptide hōʻailona: he peptide me 15-36 amino acid koena ma ka N-terminus i ka wā o ka protein synthesis, e alakaʻi ana i ka transmembrane o ka protein.
9. Attenuator: He kaʻina nucleotide ma waena o kahi ʻāpana mea hoʻohana a me kahi gene structural e hoʻopau i ke kākau ʻana.
10. Mākaʻikaʻi Manaʻo: Ke ulu ka bacteria a loaʻa ka nele o nā amino acids, e hoʻopuka ka bacteria i kahi pane ulia pōpilikia e hoʻopau i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā genes āpau.ʻO nā hōʻailona e hoʻopuka i kēia pane ulia pōpilikia ʻo guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) a me guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp).ʻO ke kuleana o PpGpp a me pppGpp ʻaʻole hoʻokahi wale nō a i ʻole kekahi mau operons, akā pili i ka nui o lākou, no laila ua kapa ʻia lākou he super-regulators a i ʻole nā kiko kilokilo.
11. Upstream promoter element: pili i ka DNA sequence e pāʻani ana i ke kuleana hoʻoponopono i ka hana a ka mea hoʻolaha, e like me TATA ma ka -10 māhele, TGACA ma ka -35 māhele, nā mea hoʻonui, a me nā attenuators.
12. DNA probe: kahi ʻāpana DNA i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me kahi kaʻina i ʻike ʻia, i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka ʻike ʻana i nā kaʻina i ʻike ʻole ʻia a me nā genes i ʻike ʻia.
13. Ke kaʻina SD: ʻO ia ke kaʻina paʻa o ka ribosome a me ka mRNA, nāna e hoʻoponopono i ka unuhi.
14. Antibody Monoclonal: He antibody e hana kūʻē wale ana i hoʻokahi mea hoʻoholo antigenic.
15. Cosmid: He DNA vector exogenous i hana ʻia e mālama i nā ʻāpana COS ma nā kihi ʻelua o ka phage a pili i ka plasmid.
16. Ka nānā 'ana i kahi kiko polū-keʻokeʻo: LacZ gene (encoding β-galactosidase), hiki i ka enzyme ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka chromogenic substrate X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole-β-D-galactoside) e hana i ka uliuli, no laila e hana ai i ka polū.Ke hoʻokomo ʻia ka DNA exogenous, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka ʻano LacZ, a keʻokeʻo ke kānana, i mea e pale ai i ka bacteria recombinant.Kapa ʻia kēia ka nānā ʻana i ka polū-keʻokeʻo.
17. ʻElemu Cis-acting: He kaʻina kikoʻī o nā kumu i loko o ka DNA e hoʻoponopono i ka hōʻike gene.
18. Klenow enzyme: ʻO ka ʻāpana nui o ka DNA polymerase I, koe wale nō ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻana o ka hana exonuclease 5'3' mai ka DNA polymerase I holoenzyme.
19. Anchored PCR: hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻonui i ka DNA o ka hoihoi me kahi kaʻina i ʻike ʻia ma kekahi hopena.Hoʻohui ʻia kahi huelo poly-dG i kekahi ʻaoʻao o ke kaʻina i ʻike ʻole ʻia, a laila hoʻohana ʻia ka poly-dC a me ke kaʻina i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu mua no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka PCR.
20. Fusion protein: Hoʻopili ʻia ka gene o ka protein eukaryotic me ka gene exogenous, a ua hōʻike ʻia ka protein i haku ʻia me ka unuhi ʻana o ka protein gene mua a me ka protein exogenous i ka manawa like.
Nā huaʻōlelo biology molecular ʻē aʻe
1. ʻO ka palapala ʻāina kino o DNA ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā ʻāpana (restriction endonuclease-digested) o ka mole DNA.
2. Ua maheleia ka mahele o RNase i elua ano (autocatalysis) a me (heterocatalysis).
3. ʻEkolu mau kumu hoʻomaka i loko o nā prokaryotes (IF-1), (IF-2) a me (IF-3).
4. Pono nā protein transmembrane i ke alakaʻi (nā peptides hōʻailona), a ʻo ke kuleana o nā chaperones protein (kōkua i ka pelu ʻana i ke kaulahao peptide i loko o ka conformation maoli o ka protein).
5. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hoʻolaha i ʻelua ʻano: (nā mea hoʻolaha kumu) a me (nā mea hoʻolaha i luna).
6. 'O ka ma'i'o noi'i o ka biology molecular he 'ekolu mahele: (structural molecular biology), (gene expression and regulation), a me (DNA recombination technology).
7. ʻO nā hoʻokolohua koʻikoʻi ʻelua e hōʻike ana ʻo ka DNA ka mea genetic (pneumococcus infection of mice) a me (T2 phage infection of Escherichia coli).hiki).
8. 'Elua mau 'oko'a nui ma waena o ka hnRNA a me ka mRNA: (ua ho'opili 'ia ka hnRNA ma ke ka'ina hana o ka ho'ololi 'ana i mRNA), (ua ho'okomo 'ia ka 5' hope o ka mRNA me ka pāpale m7pGppp, a aia kekahi polyadenylation hou ma ka hope 3' o ka huelo mRNA acid (polyA).
9. ʻO nā mea maikaʻi o ke ʻano multi-subunit o ka protein (ʻo ka subunit kahi ʻano waiwai no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka DNA), (hiki ke hoʻemi i ka hopena o nā kuhi hewa i ka synthesis protein ma ka hana protein), (hiki ke hana maikaʻi loa a wehe koke ʻia ka hana).
10. ʻO ka mea nui o ka protein folding mechanism first nucleation theory me (nucleation), (structural enrichment), (hope rearrangement).
11. Loaʻa ka hopena ʻelua o ka Galactose i ka bacteria;ma ka lima hoʻokahi (hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia he kumu kalapona no ka ulu ʻana o ke kelepona);ma kekahi ʻaoʻao (he mea hoʻi ia o ka paia o ke kelepona).No laila, pono ka cAMP-CRP-kūʻokoʻa hoʻolaha S2 no ka synthesis mau ma ka pae hope;i ka manawa like, pono ka cAMP-CRP-dependent promoter S1 e hoʻoponopono i ka synthesis kiʻekiʻe.Hoʻomaka ka palapala mai (S2) me G a mai (S1) me ka ʻole o G.
12. ʻIke ʻia ka ʻenehana DNA Recombinant (gene cloning) a i ʻole (molecular cloning).ʻO ka pahuhopu hope loa (e hoʻololi i ka DNA ʻike genetic i loko o kekahi mea ola i loko o kekahi mea ola).ʻO ka hoʻokolohua hoʻohui hou ʻana o DNA maʻamau ka mea maʻamau i kēia mau ʻanuʻu: (1) Wehe i ka gene i manaʻo ʻia (a i ʻole exogenous gene) o ka mea hāʻawi, a hoʻopili enzymatically i kahi mole DNA ʻē aʻe (cloning vector) e hana i kahi mole DNA recombinant hou.② Hoʻololi ʻia ka molela DNA recombinant i loko o ka cell recipient a hana hou ʻia i loko o ka cell recipient.Kapa ʻia kēia kaʻina hana hoʻololi.③ E nānā a hoʻomaopopo i kēlā mau mea hoʻokipa i komo i ka DNA recombinant.④E hoʻoulu i nā pūnaewele i loaʻa i ka DNA recombinant i nā mea nui e ʻike inā ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano kōkua kōkua haole.
13. ʻElua ʻano o ka hoʻopiʻi plasmid: ʻo nā mea i mālama pono ʻia e ka host cell protein synthesis ua kapa ʻia (tight plasmids), a ʻo nā mea i mālama ʻole ʻia e ka host cell protein synthesis ua kapa ʻia (relaxed plasmids).
14. Pono ka PCR reaction system e like me keia: a.Nā kumu mua DNA (e pili ana i 20 kumu) me nā kaʻina hoʻohui i kēlā me kēia hopena o nā kaula ʻelua o ka gene i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia.b.Nā Enzymes me ke kūpaʻa wela e like me: TagDNA polymerase.c, dNTPd, DNA kaʻina hoihoi e like me ka laʻana
15. Aia i loko o ke ka'ina hana ho'ololi kumu o ka PCR he 'ekolu pae: (denaturation), (annealing), a me (extension).
16. ʻO ke kaʻina hana maʻamau o nā holoholona transgenic ka mea maʻamau: ①Ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā gene haole cloned i loko o ka nucleus o kahi hua manu i hoʻomoʻa ʻia a i ʻole nā pūnaewele embryonic;②Ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hua manu i hoʻomoʻa ʻia a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka embryonic stem cell i loko o ka ʻōpū wahine;③Hoʻopau i ka ulu ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o ka embryonic No nā keiki me nā genes haole;④ E hoʻohana i kēia mau holoholona i hiki ke hana i nā protein ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohua e hoʻohua i nā laina homozygous hou.
17. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā laina kelepona Hybridoma ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pūnaewele (spleen B) me (myeloma), a no ka mea hiki i (spleen cell) ke hoʻohana i ka hypoxanthine a me (nā iwi iwi) e hāʻawi i nā hana mahele cell, hiki iā lākou ke ulu i ka HAT medium.ulu.
18. Me ka hohonu o ka noiʻi, ua kapa ʻia ka hanauna mua o nā antibodies (polyclonal antibodies), ka lua o ka hanauna (monoclonal antibodies), a me ke kolu o ka hanauna (genetic engineering antibodies).
19. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka ʻenekinia genetic o nā maʻi pepeke ka mea nui i ka baculovirus, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana o (exogenous toxin gene);(nā genes e hoʻopilikia i ka pōʻaiapuni maʻamau o nā pepeke);(ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā genes virus).
20. ʻO nā kumu protein trans-acting e pili ana i nā mea maʻamau TATA, GC, a me CAAT i loko o ka mammalian RNA polymerase II promoter (TFIID), (SP-1) a me (CTF/NF1), kēlā me kēia.
iwakāluakumakahi.ʻO nā kumu transcription kumu o RNA polymerase Ⅱ ʻo ia, TFⅡ-A, TFⅡ-B, TFII-D, TFⅡ-E, a ʻo kā lākou kaʻina paʻa: (D, A, B, E).Aia ka hana o TFII-D (paʻa i ka pahu TATA).
iwakāluakūmālua.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea transcription e pili ana i ka DNA e hana ma ke ʻano o nā dimer.ʻO nā kāʻei kapu o nā mea unuhi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i DNA ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau (helix-turn-helix), (zinc finger motif), (basic-leucine) zipper motif).
iwakāluakūmākolu.ʻEkolu ʻano o nā ʻano hoʻokaʻawale endonuclease kaohi: (ʻoki ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao 5' o ke axis symmetry e hoʻohua i nā welau 5' sticky), (ʻoki ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao 3' o ke axis symmetry e hoʻohua i nā welau 3' (ʻoki ʻia ma ke axis symmetry e hana i nā ʻāpana palahalaha) ).
iwakāluakūmāhā.ʻEkolu mau hoʻonohonoho like ʻole ʻo Plasmid DNA: (SC configuration), (oc configuration), (L configuration).ʻO ka mea mua i ka electrophoresis (SC configuration).
25. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hōʻike gene exogenous, ka nui (Escherichia coli), (Yeast), (Insect) a me (Māmmalian cell table).
26. ʻO nā ʻano hana maʻamau no nā holoholona transgenic ʻo ia: (ke ala maʻi retroviral), (ke ala microinjection DNA), (ke ʻano cell stem embryonic).
Hoʻohana molecular biology
1. E inoa i nā hana o nā RNA ʻoi aku ma mua o 5?
Hoʻololi RNA tRNA Hoʻololi i ka ʻakika amino Ribosome RNA rRNA Ribosome ka ʻelele RNA mRNA Protein synthesis template Heterogeneous nuclear RNA hnRNA Precursor of oo mRNA small nuclear RNA snRNA Komo i ka hnRNA splicing Small cytoplasmic RNA scRNA/7SL-RNAnth protein Plasmacalized reticulum-sym. Hoʻoponopono ʻo RNA i ka hōʻike gene Ribozyme RNA Enzymatically active RNA
2. He aha ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā mea hoʻolaha prokaryotic a me eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic TTGACA --- TATAAT------Pūnaewele hoʻomaka-35 -10 Eukaryotic Enhancer---GC ---CAAT----TATAA-5mGpp-Paena Hoʻomaka-110 -70 -25
3. He aha nā mea nui o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā plasmids kūlohelohe?
Loaʻa pinepine nā plasmids kūlohelohe, no laila ʻaʻole kūpono lākou no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea lawe no ka ʻenekini genetic, a pono e hoʻololi a kūkulu ʻia: a.Hoʻohui i nā genes māka koho kūpono, e like me ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha, i maʻalahi ke hoʻohana no ke koho ʻana, maʻamau nā genes antibiotic.b.Hoʻonui a hoʻemi paha i nā wahi ʻoki enzyme kūpono e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hui hou ʻana.c.Hoʻopōkole i ka lōʻihi, ʻoki i nā ʻāpana pono ʻole, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka lawe ʻana mai a hoʻonui i ka hiki ke hoʻouka.d.E hoʻololi i ke kope, mai ka liʻiliʻi a i ʻole, mai nā kope liʻiliʻi i nā kope hou aʻe.e.Hoʻohui i nā mea hoʻohālikelike kūikawā e like me nā koi kūikawā o ka ʻenekinia genetic
4. E hāʻawi i kekahi laʻana o ke ʻano no ka nānā ʻokoʻa o ka cDNA kikoʻī kikoʻī?
Hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā heluna cell ʻelua, hōʻike ʻia a hōʻike nui ʻia ka gene i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kekahi o nā cell, a ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia a hōʻike haʻahaʻa ʻia ka gene i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka cell ʻē aʻe, a laila ʻike ʻia ka gene i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka hybridization a me ka hoʻohālikelike.No ka laʻana, i ka wā o ka hanana ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā maʻi maʻi, e hōʻike ana nā cell tumor i nā mRNA me nā pae hōʻike like ʻole ma mua o nā cell maʻamau.No laila, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā genes pili i ka maʻi maʻi e ka hybridization ʻokoʻa.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano induction no ka nānā ʻana i nā genes i hoʻoulu ʻia ka ʻōlelo.
5. Ka hana ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i nā laina kelepona hybridoma?
Spleen B cell + myeloma cell, add polyethylene glycol (PEG) to promote cell fusion, and the splenic B-myeloma fusion cell i grow in HAT medium (loaʻa hypoxanthine, aminopterin, T) hoʻomau i ka hoʻonui i ka hānai.Aia i loko o ka fusion cell: nā pūnaewele hui pū ʻana o ka spleen-spleen: hiki ʻole ke ulu, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia i loko o ka vitro.ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana i ka hypoxanthine, akā hiki ke hana i ka purine ma ke ala ʻelua me ka folate reductase.Kāohi ʻo Aminopterin i ka folate reductase a no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke ulu.Hiki ke ulu i loko o ka HAT, hiki ke hoʻohana i ka hypoxanthine a hiki i nā pūnaewele iwi ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka hana.
6. He aha ke kumumanaʻo a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ʻano kumu mua o ka DNA ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka dideoxy terminal (Sanger method)?
ʻO ke kumumanaʻo e hoʻohana i kahi kaulahao nucleotide terminator-2,,3,-dideoxynucleotide e hoʻopau i ka hoʻonui ʻana o DNA.No ka nele i ka 3-OH i koi ʻia no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mea paʻa 3/5/phosphodiester, i ka manawa i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke kaulahao DNA, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ke kaulahao DNA.E like me ke kumu o ka pairing base, i kēlā me kēia manawa e pono ai ka DNA polymerase i ka dNMP e komo i ke kaulahao DNA maʻamau i hoʻonui ʻia, aia ʻelua mau mea hiki, ʻo ke komo ʻana i ka ddNTP, ka hopena i ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻonui kaulahao deoxynucleotide;ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe e komo i ka dNTP , i hiki ai i ke kaulahao DNA ke hoʻomau i ka hoʻonui a hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ka ddNTP aʻe.Ma muli o kēia ʻano, hiki ke loaʻa kahi hui o nā ʻāpana DNA o nā lōʻihi like ʻole e pau ana i ka ddNTP.ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ʻehā mau pūʻulu i kēlā me kēia ddAMP, ddGMP, ddCMP, a me ddTMP.Ma hope o ka hopena, hiki i ka polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ke heluhelu i ke kaʻina DNA e like me nā ʻauʻau.
7. He aha ka hopena hoʻoponopono maikaʻi o ka protein activator (CAP) ma ka transcription?
ʻO Cyclic adenylate (cAMP) receptor protein CRP (cAMP receptor protein), ka paʻakikī i hana ʻia e ka hui ʻana o cAMP a me CRP i kapa ʻia ʻo CAP (cAMPactivated protein).Ke ulu nei ʻo E. coli i loko o kahi ʻano me ka nele i ka glucose, piʻi ka synthesis o CAP, a loaʻa iā CAP ka hana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea hoʻolaha e like me ka lactose (Lac).Loaʻa i kekahi mau mea hoʻolaha hilinaʻi CRP ka hiʻohiʻona maʻamau -35 region sequence hiʻona (TTGACA) i loaʻa i nā mea hoʻolaha maʻamau.No laila, paʻakikī i ka RNA polymerase ke hoʻopaʻa iā ia.ʻO ka hele ʻana o CAP (hana): hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka paʻa mau o ka enzyme a me ka mea hoʻolaha.Hōʻike nui ia i kēia mau ʻaoʻao ʻelua: ① CAP kōkua i ka molekele enzyme e hoʻonohonoho pololei ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka conformation o ka mea hoʻolaha a me ka launa pū ʻana me ka enzyme, i hui pū me ka ʻāina -10 a pāʻani i ke kuleana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hana o ka ʻāina -35.Hiki i ka ②CAP ke kāohi i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka RNA polymerase i nā wahi ʻē aʻe o DNA, a laila e hoʻonui ai i ka hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kāna mea hoʻolaha kikoʻī.
8. He aha nā ʻanuʻu i hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia i loko o kahi hoʻokolohua hoʻohui DNA maʻamau?
a.Wehe i ka gene i manaʻo ʻia (a i ʻole exogenous gene) o ka mea hāʻawi, a hoʻopili enzymatically ia i kekahi mole DNA (cloning vector) e hana i kahi mole DNA recombinant hou.b.E hoʻololi i ka mole DNA recombinant i loko o ke keena hoʻokipa a hana hou a mālama iā ia i loko o ke kelepona loaʻa.Kapa ʻia kēia kaʻina hana hoʻololi.c.E nānā a ʻike i kēlā mau mea hoʻokipa i komo i ka DNA recombinant.d.Moʻomeheu lehulehu nā pūnaewele i loaʻa ka DNA recombinant e ʻike inā hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano kōkua kōkua haole.
9. Ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka waihona gene ʻEkolu mau ʻano no ka nānā ʻana i nā recombinants a ua wehewehe pōkole ʻia ke kaʻina hana.
ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka pale ʻana i nā lāʻau antibiotic, ka hoʻokomo ʻole ʻana o ke kūʻē, ka nānā ʻana i kahi kikoʻī uliuli-keʻokeʻo a i ʻole ka PCR, ka nānā ʻokoʻa, DNA probe ʻO ka hapa nui o nā vectors cloning e lawe i nā genes pale antibiotic (anti-ampicillin, tetracycline).Ke hoʻoili ʻia ka plasmid i loko o Escherichia coli, e loaʻa i ka bacteria ke kū'ē, a ʻo ka poʻe me ka hoʻololi ʻole ʻaʻole e kūʻē.Akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke ʻike inā ua hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia a ʻaʻole paha.I loko o kahi vector i loaʻa i ʻelua mau genes kū'ē, inā hoʻokomo ʻia kahi ʻāpana DNA haole i loko o kekahi o nā genes a hoʻopau ʻia ke ʻano, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ʻelua mana pā i loaʻa nā lāʻau like ʻole e nānā i nā recombinants maikaʻi.No ka laʻana, loaʻa i ka plasmid pUC ka gene LacZ (encoding β-galactosidase), hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka substrate chromogenic X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole-β-D-galactoside) e hoʻohua i ka polū, no laila e hoʻohuli ai i ka polū.Ke hoʻokomo ʻia ka DNA haole, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka ʻano LacZ, a keʻokeʻo ke kānana, i mea e pale ai i ka bacteria recombinant.
10. E wehewehe i ke kaʻina hana maʻamau o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā holoholona transgenic ma o nā pūnaewele ʻōpuʻu embryonic?
Embryonic stem cell (ES) he embryonic cell i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o ka embryonic, hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia a hoʻonui ʻia a loaʻa iā ia ka hana o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻano mea like ʻole.Moʻomeheu o nā pūnaewele ES: Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a moʻomeheu ʻia ka nui o loko o ka blastocyst.Ke hoʻoulu ʻia ʻo ES i kahi papa hānai ʻole, e ʻokoʻa ʻo ia i loko o nā pūnaewele hana like ʻole e like me nā ʻiʻo ʻiʻo a me nā pūnaewele N.Ke hoʻoulu ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano me nā fibroblasts, e mālama ʻo ES i ka hana ʻokoʻa.Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka ES, a hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia kāna hana ʻokoʻa me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopili ʻana i kāna hana ʻokoʻa, kahi e hoʻonā ai i ka pilikia o ka hoʻohui ʻana.E hoʻokomo i nā genes exogenous i loko o nā pūnaewele ʻōpuʻu embryonic, a laila hoʻokomo i loko o ka ʻōpū o nā ʻiole wahine hāpai, e ulu aʻe i pups, a keʻa e loaʻa nā ʻiole homozygous.
